Game da samar da makamashin hydrogen na gaba

Za mu gabatar da "hydrogen", wato makamashin da ke samar da makamashi mai tsaka-tsaki ga carbon. An raba hydrogen zuwa nau'i uku: "hydrogen kore", "hydrogen shuɗi" da "hydrogen launin toka", kowannensu yana da hanyar samarwa daban. Za mu kuma bayyana kowace hanyar ƙera, halayen zahiri a matsayin abubuwa, hanyoyin ajiya/sufuri, da hanyoyin amfani. Kuma zan kuma gabatar da dalilin da ya sa ita ce tushen makamashin da ke mamaye ƙarni na gaba.

Electrolysis na Ruwa don Samar da Hydrogen Kore

Lokacin amfani da hydrogen, yana da mahimmanci a "haɗa hydrogen" ko ta yaya. Hanya mafi sauƙi ita ce "haɗa ruwa da electrolyse". Wataƙila kun yi a kimiyyar makarantar aji. Cika beaker da ruwa da electrodes a cikin ruwa. Lokacin da aka haɗa baturi da electrodes kuma aka kunna shi, waɗannan halayen suna faruwa a cikin ruwa da kuma a cikin kowane electrode.
A cathode, H+ da electrons suna haɗuwa don samar da iskar hydrogen, yayin da anode ke samar da iskar oxygen. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar tana da kyau ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyya na makaranta, amma don samar da hydrogen a masana'antu, dole ne a shirya hanyoyin da suka dace da samar da manyan kayayyaki. Wato "electrolysis na polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)".
A wannan hanyar, an haɗa wani membrane mai semipermeable wanda ke ba da damar wucewar ions na hydrogen tsakanin anode da cathode. Lokacin da aka zuba ruwa a cikin anode na na'urar, ions na hydrogen da aka samar ta hanyar electrolysis suna motsawa ta cikin membrane mai semipermeable zuwa cathode, inda suke zama hydrogen na kwayoyin halitta. A gefe guda kuma, ions na oxygen ba za su iya wucewa ta membrane mai semipermeable ba kuma su zama ƙwayoyin oxygen a anode.
Haka kuma a cikin electrolysis na ruwa mai alkaline, kuna ƙirƙirar hydrogen da oxygen ta hanyar raba anode da cathode ta hanyar rabawa wanda ions na hydroxide kawai zasu iya wucewa ta ciki. Bugu da ƙari, akwai hanyoyin masana'antu kamar electrolysis na tururi mai zafi.
Ta hanyar yin waɗannan hanyoyin a babban sikelin, ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na hydrogen. A cikin wannan tsari, ana samar da isasshen oxygen (rabin adadin hydrogen da aka samar), ta yadda ba zai yi mummunan tasiri ga muhalli ba idan aka sake shi zuwa sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, electrolysis yana buƙatar wutar lantarki mai yawa, don haka ana iya samar da hydrogen mara carbon idan an samar da shi da wutar lantarki wanda ba ya amfani da man fetur, kamar injinan iska da na'urorin hasken rana.
Za ka iya samun "hydrogen kore" ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki wajen samar da ruwa ta hanyar amfani da makamashi mai tsafta.

Akwai kuma janareta na hydrogen don samar da wannan hydrogen kore mai girma. Ta hanyar amfani da PEM a cikin sashin electrolyzer, ana iya samar da hydrogen akai-akai.

Shuɗin Hydrogen da aka yi da Man Fetur na Fossil

To, waɗanne hanyoyi ne ake yin hydrogen? Hydrogen yana wanzuwa a cikin man fetur kamar iskar gas da kwal a matsayin abubuwa banda ruwa. Misali, yi la'akari da methane (CH4), babban sinadarin iskar gas. Akwai atom guda huɗu na hydrogen a nan. Za ku iya samun hydrogen ta hanyar fitar da wannan hydrogen.
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine wani tsari da ake kira "gyaran methane na tururi" wanda ke amfani da tururi. Tsarin sinadarai na wannan hanyar shine kamar haka.
Kamar yadda kuke gani, ana iya fitar da carbon monoxide da hydrogen daga kwayar methane guda ɗaya.
Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya samar da hydrogen ta hanyar hanyoyin kamar "gyaran tururi" da "pyrolysis" na iskar gas da kwal. "Hydrogen mai launin shuɗi" yana nufin hydrogen da aka samar ta wannan hanyar.
A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, ana samar da carbon monoxide da carbon dioxide a matsayin samfuran da suka lalace. Don haka dole ne a sake yin amfani da su kafin a sake su zuwa sararin samaniya. Idan ba a dawo da carbon dioxide ba, to, iskar hydrogen, wadda aka sani da "hydrogen toka".

Wane Irin Sinadari Ne Hydrogen?

Hydrogen yana da lambar atomic ta 1 kuma shine element na farko akan teburin periodic.
Adadin atoms shine mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 90% na dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin duniya. Mafi ƙarancin atom wanda ya ƙunshi proton da electron shine atom ɗin hydrogen.
Hydrogen yana da isotopes guda biyu tare da neutrons da aka haɗa a cikin nucleus. "deuterium" ɗaya mai haɗin neutron da "tritium" guda biyu mai haɗin neutron. Waɗannan kuma kayan aiki ne don samar da wutar lantarki ta haɗaka.
A cikin tauraro kamar rana, ana samun haɗin nukiliya daga hydrogen zuwa helium, wanda shine tushen kuzarin da tauraron zai haskaka.
Duk da haka, hydrogen ba kasafai yake wanzuwa a matsayin iskar gas a Duniya ba. Hydrogen yana samar da mahaɗan da wasu abubuwa kamar ruwa, methane, ammonia da ethanol. Tunda hydrogen abu ne mai sauƙi, yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, saurin motsi na ƙwayoyin hydrogen yana ƙaruwa, kuma yana tserewa daga nauyi na duniya zuwa sararin samaniya.

Yadda Ake Amfani da Hydrogen? Amfani da shi ta hanyar Konewa

To, ta yaya ake amfani da "hydrogen", wanda ya jawo hankalin duniya a matsayin tushen makamashi na zamani? Ana amfani da shi ta hanyoyi biyu: "ƙonewa" da "ƙwayar mai". Bari mu fara da amfani da "ƙonewa".
Akwai manyan nau'ikan ƙonawa guda biyu da ake amfani da su.
Na farko dai kamar man roka ne. Rokar H-IIA ta Japan tana amfani da iskar hydrogen mai suna "liquid hydrogen" da "liquid oxygen" wanda shi ma yana cikin yanayi mai kama da na iskar gas. An haɗa waɗannan biyun, kuma ƙarfin zafi da aka samar a wancan lokacin yana hanzarta allurar ƙwayoyin ruwa da aka samar, suna tashi zuwa sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, saboda injin ne mai wahalar amfani da fasaha, ban da Japan, Amurka, Turai, Rasha, China da Indiya ne kawai suka yi nasarar haɗa wannan man.
Na biyu kuma shine samar da wutar lantarki. Samar da wutar lantarki ta injinan iskar gas kuma yana amfani da hanyar haɗa hydrogen da oxygen don samar da makamashi. A wata ma'anar, hanya ce da ke duba makamashin zafi da hydrogen ke samarwa. A cikin cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ta zafi, zafi daga kwal mai ƙonewa, mai da iskar gas na halitta yana samar da tururi wanda ke tuƙa injinan iskar gas. Idan aka yi amfani da hydrogen a matsayin tushen zafi, injin samar da wutar lantarki zai kasance mai tsaka tsaki ga carbon.

Yadda Ake Amfani da Hydrogen? Ana Amfani da Shi azaman Man Fetur

Wata hanyar amfani da hydrogen ita ce a matsayin ƙwayar mai, wadda ke mayar da hydrogen kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki. Musamman ma, Toyota ta jawo hankali a Japan ta hanyar amfani da motocin da ke amfani da hydrogen maimakon motocin lantarki (EV) a matsayin madadin motocin fetur a matsayin wani ɓangare na matakan da take ɗauka na magance dumamar yanayi.
Musamman ma, muna yin hanyar da ta juye idan muka gabatar da hanyar ƙera "hasken kore". Tsarin sinadarai kamar haka.
Hydrogen na iya samar da ruwa (ruwan zafi ko tururi) yayin da yake samar da wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya kimanta shi saboda ba ya sanya wa muhalli nauyi. A gefe guda kuma, wannan hanyar tana da ƙarancin ingancin samar da wutar lantarki na kashi 30-40%, kuma tana buƙatar platinum a matsayin mai kara kuzari, don haka tana buƙatar ƙarin farashi.
A halin yanzu, muna amfani da ƙwayoyin man fetur na polymer electrolyte (PEFC) da ƙwayoyin man fetur na phosphoric acid (PAFC). Musamman ma, motocin man fetur suna amfani da PEFC, don haka ana iya tsammanin zai bazu a nan gaba.

Shin Ajiyar Hydrogen da Sufuri Suna da Lafiya?

Zuwa yanzu, muna tsammanin kun fahimci yadda ake samar da iskar hydrogen da amfani da ita. To ta yaya kuke adana wannan hydrogen? Ta yaya kuke samunsa a inda kuke buƙata? Yaya batun tsaro a wannan lokacin? Za mu yi bayani.
A gaskiya ma, hydrogen ma wani sinadari ne mai matuƙar haɗari. A farkon ƙarni na 20, mun yi amfani da hydrogen a matsayin iskar gas don shawagi da balan-balan, balan-balan, da jiragen sama a sararin samaniya saboda haske ne sosai. Duk da haka, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1937, a New Jersey, Amurka, "fashewar jirgin sama na Hindenburg" ta faru.
Tun bayan hatsarin, an fahimci cewa iskar hydrogen tana da haɗari. Musamman idan ta kama da wuta, za ta fashe da ƙarfi da iskar oxygen. Saboda haka, "a nisantar iskar oxygen" ko "a nisantar zafi" yana da mahimmanci.
Bayan mun ɗauki waɗannan matakan, mun fito da hanyar jigilar kaya.
Hydrogen iskar gas ce da ake amfani da ita a zafin ɗaki, don haka duk da cewa har yanzu iskar gas ce, tana da girma sosai. Hanya ta farko ita ce a shafa matsin lamba mai yawa da kuma matsewa kamar silinda yayin yin abubuwan sha masu carbonated. A shirya tanki na musamman mai matsin lamba mai yawa sannan a adana ta a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai matsin lamba mai yawa kamar 45Mpa.
Kamfanin Toyota, wanda ke kera motocin mai (FCV), yana ƙera tankin hydrogen mai matsin lamba mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya jure matsin lamba 70 MPa.
Wata hanya kuma ita ce a sanyaya zuwa -253°C don yin hydrogen mai ruwa, sannan a adana shi a cikin tankunan da aka sanya masa zafi na musamman. Kamar LNG (iskar gas mai ruwa) lokacin da ake shigo da iskar gas daga ƙasashen waje, ana sanya hydrogen mai ruwa yayin jigilar kaya, wanda hakan ke rage yawansa zuwa 1/800 na yanayin iskar gas ɗinsa. A shekarar 2020, mun kammala jigilar hydrogen mai ruwa na farko a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar ba ta dace da motocin ƙwayoyin mai ba saboda tana buƙatar kuzari mai yawa don sanyaya.
Akwai hanyar adanawa da jigilar kaya a cikin tankuna kamar wannan, amma muna kuma haɓaka wasu hanyoyin adana hydrogen.
Hanyar adanawa ita ce amfani da ƙarfen adana hydrogen. Hydrogen yana da ikon shiga ƙarfe da lalata su. Wannan shawara ce ta ci gaba da aka ƙirƙira a Amurka a shekarun 1960. JJ Reilly da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa ana iya adana hydrogen ta amfani da ƙarfen magnesium da vanadium.
Bayan haka, ya yi nasarar ƙirƙirar wani abu, kamar palladium, wanda zai iya shan hydrogen sau 935 na girmansa.
Amfanin amfani da wannan ƙarfe shi ne cewa yana iya hana haɗuran ɓullar hydrogen (galibi haɗuran fashewa). Saboda haka, ana iya adana shi lafiya kuma a kai shi cikin aminci. Duk da haka, idan ba ku yi hankali ba kuma kuka bar shi a cikin mummunan yanayi, ƙarfen ajiyar hydrogen na iya fitar da iskar hydrogen akan lokaci. To, ko da ƙaramin walƙiya na iya haifar da haɗarin fashewa, don haka ku yi hankali.
Haka kuma yana da rashin amfani cewa yawan shan hydrogen da kuma fitar da shi daga jiki yana haifar da bushewa da kuma rage yawan shan hydrogen.
Sauran kuma shine amfani da bututu. Akwai sharaɗin cewa dole ne ya kasance ba tare da matsewa ba kuma ƙaramin matsin lamba don hana lalata bututun, amma fa'idar ita ce ana iya amfani da bututun iskar gas na yanzu. Kamfanin Gas na Tokyo ya gudanar da aikin gini a kan tutar Harumi, yana amfani da bututun iskar gas na birni don samar da hydrogen ga ƙwayoyin mai.

Ƙungiyar Nan Gaba da Hydrogen Energy ta Ƙirƙira

A ƙarshe, bari mu yi la'akari da rawar da hydrogen zai iya takawa a cikin al'umma.
Mafi mahimmanci muna son haɓaka al'umma mara hayakin carbon, muna amfani da hydrogen don samar da wutar lantarki maimakon a matsayin makamashin zafi.
Maimakon manyan tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na zafi, wasu gidaje sun gabatar da tsarin kamar ENE-FARM, wanda ke amfani da hydrogen da aka samu ta hanyar gyara iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki da ake buƙata. Duk da haka, tambayar abin da za a yi da sauran kayayyakin da aka samu daga tsarin sake fasalin har yanzu tana nan.

A nan gaba, idan zagayawar hydrogen da kanta ta ƙaru, kamar ƙara yawan tashoshin mai na hydrogen, zai yiwu a yi amfani da wutar lantarki ba tare da fitar da carbon dioxide ba. Wutar lantarki tana samar da hydrogen kore, ba shakka, don haka tana amfani da wutar lantarki da aka samar daga hasken rana ko iska. Ƙarfin da ake amfani da shi don electrolysis ya kamata ya zama ƙarfin da zai danne adadin samar da wutar lantarki ko kuma ya caji batirin da za a iya caji lokacin da akwai ƙarin wutar lantarki daga makamashin halitta. A wata ma'anar, hydrogen yana cikin matsayi ɗaya da batirin da za a iya caji. Idan wannan ya faru, a ƙarshe zai yiwu a rage samar da wutar lantarki ta zafi. Ranar da injin ƙonawa na ciki ya ɓace daga motoci yana gabatowa da sauri.

Ana iya samun hydrogen ta wata hanya. A gaskiya ma, hydrogen har yanzu samfurin samar da soda ne. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, samfurin samar da coke ne a fannin yin ƙarfe. Idan ka sanya wannan hydrogen a cikin rarrabawa, za ka iya samun maɓuɓɓuka da yawa. Iskar hydrogen da ake samarwa ta wannan hanyar ita ma tashoshin hydrogen ne ke samar da ita.

Bari mu ƙara duba gaba. Yawan makamashin da aka rasa shi ma matsala ce da hanyar watsawa da ke amfani da wayoyi don samar da wutar lantarki. Saboda haka, a nan gaba, za mu yi amfani da hydrogen da bututun ke samarwa, kamar tankunan carbonic acid da ake amfani da su wajen yin abubuwan sha masu carbonated, sannan mu sayi tankin hydrogen a gida don samar da wutar lantarki ga kowane gida. Na'urorin hannu da ke aiki da batirin hydrogen sun zama ruwan dare. Zai zama abin sha'awa a ga irin wannan makomar.