Game da na gaba tsara makamashi hydrogen

Za mu gabatar da "hydrogen", ƙarni na gaba na makamashi wanda ke da tsaka tsaki na carbon. Hydrogen ya kasu kashi uku: “Hadarin koren”, “Hydrogen blue” da “Hadarin launin toka”, kowannensu yana da hanyar samar da daban. Za mu kuma yi bayanin kowace hanyar ƙera, kaddarorin jiki azaman abubuwa, hanyoyin ajiya / jigilar kayayyaki, da hanyoyin amfani. Kuma zan kuma gabatar da dalilin da ya sa ƙarni na gaba ya zama babban tushen makamashi.

Electrolysis na Ruwa don Samar da Green Hydrogen

Lokacin amfani da hydrogen, yana da mahimmanci don "samar da hydrogen" ta wata hanya. Hanya mafi sauki ita ce "electrolyze water". Wataƙila kun yi a kimiyyar makaranta. Cika beaker da ruwa da lantarki a cikin ruwa. Lokacin da aka haɗa baturi zuwa na'urorin lantarki da kuzari, halayen da ke biyowa suna faruwa a cikin ruwa da kuma cikin kowace lantarki.
A cathode, H+ da electrons suna haɗuwa don samar da iskar hydrogen, yayin da anode ke samar da oxygen. Duk da haka, wannan tsarin yana da kyau ga gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar makaranta, amma don samar da hydrogen a masana'antu, dole ne a shirya ingantattun hanyoyin da suka dace da samarwa masu girma. Wato “Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis”.
A cikin wannan hanya, wani nau'i na polymer semipermeable membrane wanda ke ba da izinin wucewar ions hydrogen yana sandwiched tsakanin anode da cathode. Lokacin da aka zuba ruwa a cikin anode na na'urar, ions hydrogen da aka samar ta hanyar electrolysis suna motsawa ta cikin wani nau'i mai mahimmanci zuwa cathode, inda suka zama hydrogen na kwayoyin halitta. A gefe guda kuma, ions oxygen ba zai iya wucewa ta cikin membrane na semipermeable kuma ya zama kwayoyin oxygen a anode.
Hakanan a cikin electrolysis na ruwa na alkaline, zaku ƙirƙiri hydrogen da oxygen ta hanyar raba anode da cathode ta hanyar mai raba ta wanda ions hydroxide kawai ke iya wucewa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai hanyoyin masana'antu irin su wutar lantarki mai zafi mai zafi.
Ta hanyar aiwatar da waɗannan matakai akan babban sikeli, ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na hydrogen. A cikin wannan tsari, an kuma samar da iskar oxygen mai yawa (rabin adadin hydrogen da aka samar), ta yadda ba zai yi wani mummunan tasirin muhalli ba idan aka sake shi cikin yanayi. Duk da haka, electrolysis yana buƙatar wutar lantarki mai yawa, don haka ana iya samar da hydrogen maras amfani da carbon idan an samar da shi da wutar lantarki wanda ba ya amfani da makamashin burbushin halittu, kamar injin injin iska da hasken rana.
Kuna iya samun "koren hydrogen" ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai amfani da makamashi mai tsabta.

Akwai kuma janareta na hydrogen don samar da babban adadin wannan koren hydrogen. Ta amfani da PEM a cikin sashin electrolyzer, ana iya samar da hydrogen ci gaba.

Blue Hydrogen Anyi daga Burbushin Man Fetur

To, menene sauran hanyoyin yin hydrogen? Hydrogen yana wanzuwa a cikin albarkatun mai kamar iskar gas da kwal a matsayin wasu abubuwa banda ruwa. Misali, la'akari da methane (CH4), babban bangaren iskar gas. Akwai hydrogen atom guda hudu a nan. Kuna iya samun hydrogen ta hanyar fitar da wannan hydrogen.
Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine tsarin da ake kira "steam methane reforming" wanda ke amfani da tururi. Tsarin sinadaran wannan hanya shine kamar haka.
Kamar yadda kake gani, ana iya fitar da carbon monoxide da hydrogen daga kwayar methane guda ɗaya.
Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya samar da hydrogen ta hanyoyi kamar "gyaran tururi" da "pyrolysis" na iskar gas da kwal. "Blue hydrogen" yana nufin hydrogen da aka samar ta wannan hanya.
A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, ana samar da carbon monoxide da carbon dioxide a matsayin samfurori. Don haka dole ne a sake sarrafa su kafin a sake su cikin yanayi. Samfurin carbon dioxide, idan ba a dawo da shi ba, ya zama iskar hydrogen, wanda aka sani da “Hydrogen grey”.

Wane Irin Abune Hydrogen?

Hydrogen yana da lambar atomic na 1 kuma shine kashi na farko akan tebur na lokaci-lokaci.
Adadin atom shine mafi girma a sararin samaniya, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 90% na dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Mafi ƙarancin zarra wanda ya ƙunshi proton da electron shine zarra na hydrogen.
Hydrogen yana da isotopes guda biyu tare da neutrons a haɗe zuwa tsakiya. Ɗaya daga cikin "deuterium" mai haɗin neutron da "tritium" guda biyu masu haɗin neutron. Waɗannan kuma kayan aikin haɗin wutar lantarki ne.
A cikin tauraro kamar rana, haɗin nukiliya daga hydrogen zuwa helium yana faruwa, wanda shine tushen makamashi don haskakawa tauraro.
Duk da haka, hydrogen da wuya ya wanzu a matsayin iskar gas a duniya. Hydrogen yana samar da mahadi tare da wasu abubuwa kamar ruwa, methane, ammonia da ethanol. Tun da hydrogen wani abu ne mai haske, yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi, saurin motsi na kwayoyin hydrogen yana karuwa, kuma yana tserewa daga nauyi na duniya zuwa sararin samaniya.

Yaya ake amfani da hydrogen? Amfani da Konewa

To, ta yaya ake amfani da "hydrogen", wanda ya ja hankalin duniya a matsayin tushen makamashi na gaba? Ana amfani da shi ta hanyoyi guda biyu: "ƙonewa" da "manyan mai". Bari mu fara da amfani da "ƙone".
Akwai manyan nau'ikan konewa guda biyu da ake amfani da su.
Na farko kamar man roka ne. Makamin roka na H-IIA na Japan yana amfani da iskar hydrogen gas “ruwa hydrogen” da “ruwa oxygen” wanda kuma ke cikin yanayin cryogenic a matsayin mai. Wadannan biyun suna hade, kuma makamashin zafi da ake samu a wancan lokacin yana hanzarta allurar kwayoyin ruwa da aka samar, suna tashi zuwa sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, saboda injin ne mai wahala a fasaha, banda Japan, Amurka, Turai, Rasha, China da Indiya kawai suka sami nasarar hada wannan man.
Na biyu shine samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, samar da wutar lantarkin gas na amfani da hanyar hada hydrogen da oxygen don samar da makamashi. A takaice dai, hanya ce da ke kallon makamashin thermal da hydrogen ke samarwa. A cikin masana'antar wutar lantarki, zafi daga kona gawayi, mai da iskar gas na samar da tururi da ke tuka injina. Idan aka yi amfani da hydrogen azaman tushen zafi, tashar wutar lantarki za ta kasance tsaka tsakin carbon.

Yaya ake amfani da hydrogen? Ayi Amfani dashi azaman Tantanin Mai

Wata hanyar amfani da hydrogen ita ce a matsayin kwayar mai, wanda ke canza hydrogen kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki. Musamman ma, Toyota ya ja hankali a Japan ta hanyar yin la'akari da motocin da ake amfani da su na hydrogen maimakon motocin lantarki (EVs) a matsayin madadin motocin gas a wani bangare na matakan magance dumamar yanayi.
Musamman, muna yin hanyar baya lokacin da muka gabatar da hanyar masana'anta na "koren hydrogen". Tsarin sinadaran shine kamar haka.
Hydrogen na iya samar da ruwa (ruwan zafi ko tururi) yayin da ake samar da wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya tantance shi saboda baya dora nauyi a kan muhalli. A gefe guda, wannan hanya tana da ƙarancin ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na 30-40%, kuma yana buƙatar platinum a matsayin mai haɓakawa, don haka yana buƙatar ƙarin farashi.
A halin yanzu, muna amfani da ƙwayoyin man fetur na polymer electrolyte (PEFC) da phosphoric acid man fetur (PAFC). Musamman motocin dakon mai suna amfani da PEFC, don haka ana iya tsammanin yaduwa a nan gaba.

Shin Adana Ruwa da Sufuri lafiya ne?

A yanzu, muna tsammanin kun fahimci yadda ake yin iskar hydrogen da kuma amfani da su. To ta yaya kuke adana wannan hydrogen? Ta yaya kuke samun inda kuke buƙata? Shin batun tsaro a lokacin fa? Za mu yi bayani.
A gaskiya ma, hydrogen ma wani abu ne mai hatsarin gaske. A farkon ƙarni na 20, mun yi amfani da hydrogen a matsayin iskar gas don yawo balloons, balloons, da jiragen ruwa a sararin sama domin yana da haske sosai. Koyaya, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1937, a New Jersey, Amurka, “fashewar jirgin ruwan Hindenburg” ya faru.
Tun da hatsarin ya faru, an fahimci cewa iskar hydrogen gas na da haɗari. Musamman idan ta kama wuta, za ta fashe da karfi da iskar oxygen. Saboda haka, "ka nisantar da iskar oxygen" ko "ka nisantar da zafi" yana da mahimmanci.
Bayan ɗaukar waɗannan matakan, mun fito da hanyar jigilar kaya.
Hydrogen iskar gas ne a yanayin daki, don haka ko da yake har yanzu gas ne, yana da girma sosai. Hanya ta farko ita ce a yi amfani da matsi mai ƙarfi da damfara kamar silinda lokacin yin abubuwan sha masu ɗauke da carbonated. Shirya tanki mai matsa lamba na musamman kuma adana shi a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai ƙarfi kamar 45Mpa.
Toyota, wanda ke haɓaka motocin ƙwayoyin mai (FCV), yana haɓaka tankin hydrogen mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda zai iya jure matsi 70 MPa.
Wata hanyar kuma ita ce a yi sanyi zuwa -253°C don yin hydrogen na ruwa, da adanawa da jigilar shi cikin tankuna na musamman da ke da zafi. Kamar LNG (rusar da iskar gas) idan aka shigo da iskar gas daga kasashen waje, ana shayar da hydrogen a lokacin sufuri, yana rage karfinsa zuwa 1/800 na iskar gas dinsa. A cikin 2020, mun kammala jigilar ruwa hydrogen na farko a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan hanya ba ta dace da motocin salula ba saboda yana buƙatar makamashi mai yawa don yin sanyi.
Akwai hanyar adanawa da jigilar kaya a cikin tankuna irin wannan, amma muna kuma haɓaka wasu hanyoyin ajiyar hydrogen.
Hanyar adanawa ita ce amfani da alluran ajiya na hydrogen. Hydrogen yana da kaddarorin shiga karafa da lalata su. Wannan tukwici ne na ci gaba da aka haɓaka a cikin Amurka a cikin 1960′s. JJ Reilly et al. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ana iya adana hydrogen kuma a sake shi ta hanyar amfani da gami na magnesium da vanadium.
Bayan haka, ya sami nasarar samar da wani sinadari, kamar palladium, wanda zai iya sha hydrogen sau 935 nasa.
Amfanin yin amfani da wannan gami shi ne cewa zai iya hana hatsarori na zub da jini na hydrogen (mafi yawan haɗarin fashewa). Don haka, ana iya adanawa da jigilar ta cikin aminci. Duk da haka, idan ba ku yi hankali ba kuma ku bar shi a cikin yanayin da ba daidai ba, abubuwan ajiyar hydrogen na iya sakin iskar hydrogen a kan lokaci. To, ko da ƙaramin tartsatsin wuta na iya haifar da hatsarin fashewa, don haka a kula.
Har ila yau, yana da lahani wanda maimaita shayarwar hydrogen da lalatawar ya haifar da raguwa da rage yawan sha hydrogen.
Sauran shine amfani da bututu. Akwai yanayin cewa dole ne ya kasance ba matsewa da ƙarancin matsa lamba don hana ɓarna bututun, amma fa'idar ita ce ana iya amfani da bututun iskar gas ɗin da ake da su. Gas na Tokyo ya gudanar da aikin gine-gine a Tutar Harumi, ta hanyar amfani da bututun iskar gas na birni wajen samar da hydrogen ga sel mai.

Future Society Created by Hydrogen Energy

A ƙarshe, bari mu yi la'akari da rawar da hydrogen zai iya takawa a cikin al'umma.
Mafi mahimmanci muna son inganta al'ummar da ba ta da carbon, muna amfani da hydrogen don samar da wutar lantarki maimakon makamashin zafi.
Maimakon manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki, wasu gidaje sun bullo da tsarin irin su ENE-FARM, wanda ke amfani da hydrogen da aka samu ta hanyar gyara iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki da ake bukata. Duk da haka, tambayar abin da za a yi da abubuwan da aka samu na tsarin gyaran fuska ya kasance.

A nan gaba, idan yaduwar hydrogen da kanta ya karu, kamar kara yawan tashoshin mai na hydrogen, za a iya amfani da wutar lantarki ba tare da fitar da carbon dioxide ba. Lantarki yana samar da koren hydrogen, ba shakka, don haka yana amfani da wutar lantarki da ake samu daga hasken rana ko iska. Ikon da ake amfani da shi don electrolysis yakamata ya zama ikon danne adadin samar da wutar lantarki ko kuma cajin baturi mai caji lokacin da aka sami rarar wuta daga makamashin halitta. A wasu kalmomi, hydrogen yana cikin matsayi ɗaya da baturi mai caji. Idan haka ta faru, a ƙarshe za a iya rage ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Ranar da injin konewar cikin gida ke bacewa daga motoci na gabatowa.

Hakanan ana iya samun hydrogen ta wata hanya. A gaskiya ma, hydrogen har yanzu wani abu ne na samar da caustic soda. Daga cikin abubuwan, shi ne samfurin samar da coke a cikin yin ƙarfe. Idan kun sanya wannan hydrogen a cikin rarraba, za ku sami damar samun tushe da yawa. Ana samar da iskar hydrogen ta wannan hanyar ta tashoshin hydrogen.

Mu kara duba nan gaba. Yawan makamashin da aka rasa shi ma matsala ce ta hanyar watsawa da ke amfani da wayoyi don samar da wuta. Don haka, nan gaba, za mu yi amfani da hydrogen da bututun da ake bayarwa, kamar tankunan carbonic acid da ake amfani da su wajen yin abubuwan sha, sannan mu sayi tankin hydrogen a gida don samar da wutar lantarki ga kowane gida. Na'urorin tafi-da-gidanka da ke aiki akan batir hydrogen sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Zai zama mai ban sha'awa don ganin irin wannan gaba.